Attention Deficit Disorder Essay -- Health, Diseases

After a long day of hard work, I was exhausted and really hungry I hear my stomach make weird noises. I grabbed the keys from the kitchens table and put my sweater on. I decided to eat something fast but healthy. While I was driving to Wendys, I was thought about my order a large salad, with a large orange juice and bowl of fruit. I was waiting for my turn when I saw Suzy, virtuoso of my old friends from high school, she was on the first table with the cutest, adorable, talkative and charming girl I ever seen. As I was approaching her to said hi, I hear this little girl screaming six times on top of her lungs HOT DOG then she pulled the mat off the table, spilled the water in the table and threw the silverw be to the waitress. I was in shock, I couldnt believe that this little girl was capable of doing this scene in front of many people. Everyone keeps looking at her and I hear them murmuring Whats the matter with them? What kind of mom is she? or Why they can control that little girl?. I saw her face of embarrassment, she rapidly asked for the bill and left. I felt bad for her but I was wondering why this little girl acted like that. Is it really bad parenting? Or a more serious problem? After I while I discover about this disorder called ADD ( Attention Deficit Disorder), but what causes this disease, what are the symptoms, or what is the treatment?Attention Deficit Disorder or also know as ADD has been called in different forms and terms but synonymously ADD is called ADHD ( Attention Hyperactivity Disorder) but speaking in medical terms they differentiate in many ways. According to the DSM-III both types involve obstruction with attention (Phelan 13). In one hand ADHD can be described as a disorder with att... ...mad at you and to feel like you producent been allow in on the secret. Get in a support group. It is helpful for you and your children to understand that you are not the only one living like this. Never, neer give up There are some valuab le lifelong lessons to learn. (Hallowell 12) And the most important Attention deficit children need help because they can advance in social areas if extra help is provided for them. Whatever the case, the ADD child needs to be attended to. He or she should not be written as lazy, stupid, or badly behaved. With the proper intervention, the ADD child can be helped. (Woliver 48) There are parent support groups as well as family therapy. ADD can be considered as a family matter because the relationships are strained or breaking down. This therapies help them to avoid blame and check what problems have caused this.

Differences Between Business Strategies and Functional Tactics Essay ex

Differences among Business Strategies and running(a) Tactics1.FUNCTIONAL TACTICSFunctional tactics are the key, routine activities that must be undertaken in each operable area that is human resource management, marketing, finance, production/operations and research and reading to provide the course s products and services. Hence functional tactics translate thought (grand outline) into action designed to accomplish specific short- term objectives. Every assess chain activity in a company executes functional tactics that support the businesss strategy and help accomplish strategic objectives.1.1Differences Between Business Strategies and Functional Tactics-Functional tactics are different from business or corporate strategies in three fundamental waysi. judgment of conviction horizon.ii.Specificity.iii.Participants who develop them.Time Horizon-Functional tactics identify activities to be undertaken now or in the immediate future. Business strategies focus on the tigh tens posture three to five years out. -The shorter time horizon of functional tactics is critical to the successful implementation of a business strategy for two reasons. i.First, it focuses the attention of functional managers on what needs to be done now to make the business strategy work.ii.Secondly, it allows functional managers to adjust to changing circulating(prenominal) conditions.SpecificityFunctional tactics are more specific than business strategies. Business strategies provide general direction. Functional tactics identify the specific activities that are to be undertaken in each functional area and thus allow operating managers to work out how their unit is expected to pursue short-term objectives.Specificity in functional tactics contributes to successful implementation by-Helping ensure that functional managers know what needs to be done and can focus on accomplishing results.-elucidative for top management how functional managers inte nd to accomplish the business strategy, which increases top managements confidence in and sense of control over the business strategy.-Facilitating coordination among operating units within the firm by clarifying areas of interdependence and potential conflict.ParticipantsDifferent people participate in strat... ... Beecham Kenya 2000-3.Flat organizations Microsoft and dotcom companies--4.Increased responsiveness to customersNB. BPR requires bread and butter of Key Performance Indicators on Quality, Lead time, Cost and Service. CONSEQUENCES-As BPR efforts progress, one of the first phenomena is excess capacity. As processes are re-engineered, even more capacity is discovered. The or so frequent response is downsizing. -BPR suggests that old practices must be obliterated and new processes designed from scratch to fully leverage new technologies and business realities. In practice, a couple of(prenominal) managers have the luxury of re-designing their processes or organizations from clean sheet of paper - people, equipment and business knowledge cannot be so easily scrapped. Furthermore, organizational change almost inevitability becomes a learning process in which unanticipated obstacles and opportunities emerge.Reference-Pearce & Robinson Strategic Management-Readings on bus 6020-Henry J. Johansson Business Processing Engineering

The Leader-Follower Relationship :: leadership, motivation theories

Leadership is studied and analysed so that the effective practices can be taught and applied in todays organizations. The concept of leadership has been expanded to discuss the followers role in the leader-follower family human relationship. While leading is a great deal considered an active role, following can have a negative connotation, especially when seen as a passive, subordinate position. However, following can be a choice, and the distinction amidst the leader and follower is the activities, rather than abilities (Wren, p.201). An organization possesses effective followers is just as important for success as having effective leaders. Hersey and Blanchard describe this relationship as dynamic and use Situational Leadership (R) as a model for the leaders to improve the performance of their followers. Manz and Sims describe a historical enamor of leader types which has evolved to view the superleader as the most effective type for our current culture. The rol e of the superleader is to empower followers to become self-leaders themselves. The Situational Leadership model may go for the word Leadership, but it is mostly about effective management practices and does not address developing the role of the follower. There is a difference between managing and leading. In Managerial Roles, H. Mintzberg describes 10 roles, grouped under the categories of interpersonal, informational and decision roles, that a manager should posses. An effective leader should have those skills as well, in addition to having an boilers suit vision, clearly communicating those goals and motivating their followers to work towards it (Wren, p.378). Leadership is also about directing change. Without change, leadership is only management of the status quo (MacNeil, Cavanagh, Silcox, p.6). There is nothing wrong with begin a successful manager, just as there is much value to be an effective follower.The role of the follower and subordinate is in truth diffe rent in terms of ability and choice. Subordinates are considered passive, lacking in initiative and responsibility. The image of sheep comes to mind, where as followers are more active, and engage in more critical thinking (Wren, p.195). Robert Kelley further describes the effective followers have good self-management skills, abilities and motivation, which are exactly the same qualities apparent in effective leaders. That relationship between leader and follower is defined by the role they play, since an effective follower has the skills to switch positions with the leader.

Shakespeares Hamlet †Ophelia Discussed Essays -- GCSE English Litera

critical point Ophelia Discussed Courtney Lehmann and Lisa S. Starks in Making Mother Matter Repression, Revision, and the Stakes of Reading Psychoanalysis Into Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet make a statement regarding the effect of Ophelias words, even though she was considered mad at the time Hamlets own disgust toward the body and sexual behaviour, conjugate with Ophelias erotically-charged songs, did not suddenly become about sexuality after Freud. On the contrary, censorship of the play in performance during various historical time periods indicates that the tragedy has always been perceived of as highly erotic, and often dangerously so. Even in the context of twentieth-century interpretations of Hamlet, critics have been reluctant to engage in genuine confrontations with the conundrum of the plays sexuality and its underlying anxiety. For this reason, Jacqueline Rose has claimed that critics writing on Hamlet, beginning with T. S. Eliot, have conflated their puzzlement over the p lay with the Western notion of woman as the immune carrier of an impenetrable secret. (2) Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet, presents almost a dozen male characters for every one female character. The only prominent female characters are two Ophelia, Laertes baby and Polonius daughter and Gertrude, the queen and wife of Claudius and mother of Hamlet. This essay will explore the character, role, and importance of Ophelia. The protagonist of the tragedy, Prince Hamlet, initially appears in the play dressed in severe black, mourning the death of his puzzle supposedly by snakebite while he was away at Wittenberg as a student. Hamlet laments the hasty remarriage of his mother to his fathers brother, an incestuous act thus in his first soliloqu... ...akes of Reading Psychoanalysis Into Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet. Early Modern Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000) 2.1-24 http//purl.oclc.org/emls/06-1/lehmhaml.htm Pennington, Michael. Ophelia Madness Her Only Safe Haven. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. get in Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. From Hamlet A Users Guide. New York Limelight Editions, 1996. Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Wilkie, Brian and pile Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Theories of Accident Causation Essay --

There is major concern about patient safety. It has been caused in part by pellucid failures in which many patients have been harmed. This concern seems to be escalating worldwide. The medical culture that were in today seems to rely on secrecy, professional protection, defensiveness, and respect to authority. Theses ideologies ar primeval to these failures, and preventing future failures depends on cultural as much as structural change in health burster systems and organizations.Swiss Cheese regulate mob T. Reason developed the Swiss cheese model. The model is used in risk evaluations and risk management to determine hazard source. Its an accident causation model used in aviation, engineering and health negociate. It represents the human systems used and equates them to Swiss cheese slices put side by side. Sometimes it is referred to as the additive feign effect. The structure of the Swiss cheese model applies to virtually risky fields, but I will discuss how it applie s to healthcare.The developer theorized that most accidents could be traced posterior to more(prenominal) than virtuoso failure. These failures include organizational influence, supervision, preconditions and specific acts. Some examples of preconditions include fatigued workers, or communication errors. Unsafe supervision can be explained as set raw nurses in an Oncology unit to administer chemotherapy. Organizational influences can be perceived as performing understaffed when the consequences are known.An organizations vindication against most failures, in the Swiss cheese model, are presented as a chain of walls, symbolized by the slices of cheese. The wholes that are in the cheese represent the weaknesses in mortal separate of the healthcare system, and are constantly wavering i... ...ime or another, but if you can decrease that amount from what you normally see it could benefit your organizations reputation. wellness care executives are able to better understand why keep ing patients safe from harm protects market share, reimbursement levels, organizational reputation, and accreditation status (Carroll, 2009). Today, in almost every health care system, safety has become a top priority. Through patient safety efforts the risk management professionals can help to place trust back into the health care system. ReferenceCarroll, R. (2009). Risk Management Handbook for Health Care Organizations. San Fransisco, CA, USA Jossey-Bass.Walshe, K., & Shortell, M. S. (2004, May). When Things Go Wrong How Health Care Organizationa Deal With Failures. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from Health affairs content.healthaffairs.org/content/23/3/103.full Theories of Accident Causation Essay -- There is major concern about patient safety. It has been caused in part by obvious failures in which many patients have been harmed. This concern seems to be escalating worldwide. The medical culture that were in today seems to rely on secrecy, professional protection, defensiveness, and respect to authority. Theses ideologies are central to these failures, and preventing future failures depends on cultural as much as structural change in health care systems and organizations.Swiss Cheese ModelJames T. Reason developed the Swiss cheese model. The model is used in risk evaluations and risk management to determine accident causation. Its an accident causation model used in aviation, engineering and healthcare. It represents the human systems used and equates them to Swiss cheese slices put side by side. Sometimes it is referred to as the cumulative act effect. The structure of the Swiss cheese model applies to most risky fields, but I will discuss how it applies to healthcare.The developer theorized that most accidents could be traced back to more than one failure. These failures include organizational influence, supervision, preconditions and specific acts. Some examples of preconditions include fatigued workers, or communication errors. Unsafe sup ervision can be explained as putting inexperienced nurses in an Oncology unit to administer chemotherapy. Organizational influences can be perceived as performing understaffed when the consequences are known.An organizations guard against most failures, in the Swiss cheese model, are presented as a chain of walls, symbolized by the slices of cheese. The wholes that are in the cheese represent the weaknesses in individual parts of the healthcare system, and are constantly wavering i... ...ime or another, but if you can decrease that amount from what you normally see it could benefit your organizations reputation. Health care executives are able to better understand why keeping patients safe from harm protects market share, reimbursement levels, organizational reputation, and accreditation status (Carroll, 2009). Today, in almost every health care system, safety has become a top priority. Through patient safety efforts the risk management professionals can help to place trust back in to the health care system. ReferenceCarroll, R. (2009). Risk Management Handbook for Health Care Organizations. San Fransisco, CA, USA Jossey-Bass.Walshe, K., & Shortell, M. S. (2004, May). When Things Go Wrong How Health Care Organizationa Deal With Failures. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from Health Affairs content.healthaffairs.org/content/23/3/103.full

Theories of Accident Causation Essay --

There is major concern about patient guard. It has been ca utilize in part by obvious failures in which more patients energise been harmed. This concern seems to be escalating worldwide. The medical culture that were in today seems to rely on secrecy, professional protection, defensiveness, and respect to authority. Theses ideologies be central to these failures, and preventing approaching failures depends on cultural as much as structural change in health allot systems and organizations.Swiss Cheese ModelJames T. author highly-developed the Swiss cheese modeling. The model is used in risk evaluations and risk management to determine accident causation. Its an accident causation model used in aviation, engineering and healthcare. It represents the human systems used and equates them to Swiss cheese slices put side by side. Sometimes it is referred to as the cumulative act effect. The anatomical structure of the Swiss cheese model applies to most risky fields, but I will dis cuss how it applies to healthcare.The developer theorized that most accidents could be traced back to more than one failure. These failures implicate organizational influence, supervision, preconditions and specific acts. Some examples of preconditions include fatigued workers, or communication errors. Unsafe supervision can be explained as putting inexperienced nurses in an Oncology unit of measurement to administer chemotherapy. Organizational influences can be perceived as performing understaffed when the consequences are known.An organizations guard against most failures, in the Swiss cheese model, are presented as a chain of walls, symbolized by the slices of cheese. The wholes that are in the cheese represent the weaknesses in individual parts of the healthcare system, and are constantly wavering i... ...ime or another, but if you can decrease that amount from what you normally see it could benefit your organizations reputation. Health care executives are commensurate to break understand why keeping patients safe from harm protects market share, reimbursement levels, organizational reputation, and accreditation status (Carroll, 2009). Today, in almost every health care system, safety has function a top priority. Through patient safety efforts the risk management professionals can help to place trust back into the health care system. commendationCarroll, R. (2009). Risk Management Handbook for Health Care Organizations. San Fransisco, CA, USA Jossey-Bass.Walshe, K., & Shortell, M. S. (2004, May). When Things Go Wrong How Health Care Organizationa Deal With Failures. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from Health Affairs bailiwick.healthaffairs.org/content/23/3/103.full Theories of Accident Causation Essay -- There is major concern about patient safety. It has been caused in part by obvious failures in which many patients have been harmed. This concern seems to be escalating worldwide. The medical culture that were in today seems to rely on secrecy, professional protection, defensiveness, and respect to authority. Theses ideologies are central to these failures, and preventing future failures depends on cultural as much as structural change in health care systems and organizations.Swiss Cheese ModelJames T. Reason developed the Swiss cheese model. The model is used in risk evaluations and risk management to determine accident causation. Its an accident causation model used in aviation, engineering and healthcare. It represents the human systems used and equates them to Swiss cheese slices put side by side. Sometimes it is referred to as the cumulative act effect. The structure of the Swiss cheese model applies to most risky fields, but I will discuss how it applies to healthcare.The developer theorized that most accidents could be traced back to more than one failure. These failures include organizational influence, supervision, preconditions and specific acts. Some examples of preconditions include fatigued workers, or communication errors. Unsafe supervision can be explained as putting inexperienced nurses in an Oncology unit to administer chemotherapy. Organizational influences can be perceived as performing understaffed when the consequences are known.An organizations guard against most failures, in the Swiss cheese model, are presented as a chain of walls, symbolized by the slices of cheese. The wholes that are in the cheese represent the weaknesses in individual parts of the healthcare system, and are constantly wavering i... ...ime or another, but if you can decrease that amount from what you normally see it could benefit your organizations reputation. Health care executives are able to better understand why keeping patients safe from harm protects market share, reimbursement levels, organizational reputation, and accreditation status (Carroll, 2009). Today, in almost every health care system, safety has become a top priority. Through patient safety efforts the risk management profession als can help to place trust back into the health care system. ReferenceCarroll, R. (2009). Risk Management Handbook for Health Care Organizations. San Fransisco, CA, USA Jossey-Bass.Walshe, K., & Shortell, M. S. (2004, May). When Things Go Wrong How Health Care Organizationa Deal With Failures. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from Health Affairs content.healthaffairs.org/content/23/3/103.full

Chemistry Diploma Paper Essay

1. Attempt every ten of the interest a) why is an piece electrically neutral ? b) Differentiate between isotopes and isobars. c) Define conductor and nonconductor. d) State Faradays second law of electrolysis. e) Define cell. Give its classification. f) Explain the terms mineral and ore. g) Define alloys with suitable example. h) What is nickel silver ? Write its composition. i) Give composition of glass-wool. j) Name the types of plastics with examples of each. k) Define COD of sewage. l) Define Air-pollution. Give its magnitude.2. Attempt any quaternion of the following 16 a) Give the comparison of electron, proton and neutron w.r.to their symbol, change, mass and location within an atom. b) Give four points of distinction between orbit and orbital. c) Write orbital electronic configuration of the following elements 24 39 20 N14 , Mg 12 , K 19 , Ne10 7d) Describe the formation of NaCl molecule with diagram and cry the type of bonding. e) Explain electrovalency and covalency with example. f) State and explain Faradays first law of electrolysis. P.T.O.12002*12002* MARKS 3. Attempt any four of the following 16 a) mystify diagram and explain the construction working of lead-acid storage cell. b) A given quantity of electricity is passed through two cells containing copper sulphate and silver nitrate respectively. If 0.99 gms of silver and 0.29 gms of copper are deposited, find equivalent weight of silver when that of copper is 31.6. c) Explain the mechanism of electrolysis of fused sodium-chloride by using carbon electrodes. d) Why copper is electro-refined ? Describe the process of electro-refining of copper. e) Explain construction working and application of dry-cell. f) Define metallurgy. Outline the general principle of metallurgy.4. Attempt any four of the following 16 a) Define the terms flux, slag, malleability and toughness. b) Write composition, properties and applications of Alnico and Woods metal. c) Explain with diagram the gravity separati on used for concentration of iron-ore. d) Differentiate calcination and roasting. e) Write any four purposes of making alloys. f) Explain the fusion method for manufacture of alloys. 5. Attempt any four of the following 16 a) State four properties of plastics and write the uses establish on each of given properties. b) What is thermocole ? Give its properties and applications. c) What is rubber ? What is the difference between natural and synthetic rubber ?d) What is green-house-effect ? State the measure to control it. e) Explain the causes of pee pollution. f) What is bio-medical-waste ? Give two techniques for its disposal. 6. Attempt any four of the following a) Write properties and application of glass-wool. b) Explain any four major sources causing air-pollution. c) Write any four methods to control water pollution. d) What is preventive environmental management ? Give one example. e) Distinguish between air-pollution due to vehicle and industries. f) Write short cross ou t on effect of E-waste. 16

The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: a Case Study in Engineering Disasters

The Soyuz 11 infinite Disaster A Case Study in Engineering Disasters ENGG 123 November 20, 2011 ABSTRACT In 1971, Soyuz 11 was the first manned starship to contact the first distance station. As the astronauts were preparing to re-enter the earths atmosphere the crew cab depressurized and the astronauts were killed inwardly seconds. This paper will handle the events that happened and how they were investigated. It will also discuss how the disaster affected future engineering decisions regarding the Soyuz missions as well as other future space adventures. i Table of contentAbstract. i Table of Contents. ii List of Figures iii 1. 0 Introduction. 1 2. 1 What Happened 3. 1 What Went Wrong.. 4 3. 2 What Was Learned.. 7 4. 0 abbreviation. 8 Works Cited 9 List of Figures Figure 2. 1 a) a view of Soyuz 11 docked b) a view of Soyuz 11 taking mop up (Space Facts, n. . ). 2 Figure 2. 2 a) seating chart for the astronauts b) the triad astronauts inside Soyuz 11 c) astronauts preparing for takeoff (Space Facts, . n. d). 3 Figure 3. 1 a) map of the landing r unwrape for Soyuz 11 (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) 6 Figure 3. 2 a) Soyuz 11 later landing b) workers covering up the astronauts.. 7 ii Figure 3. a) Funeral held for the three Soyuz 11 astronauts. 7 1. 0 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to pop the question background and information on the Soyuz 11 space disaster. This disaster occurred in 1971 and took the lives of three astronauts who took part in the first successful visit to the worlds first space station. This paper will provide insight on how the disaster actually happened, what the causes were of this disastrous event. It will provide insight on how the events that occurred were investigated and also what was learned from these events and what changed. 2. 1 What HappenedUnless other stated the information in this section is provided from About. com(n. d. ) 1 Salyut 1, a space station do by the Soviets was the first space station to ever be m ade. It was launched on April 19, 1971. It was a large cylinder with three compartments, could be used with or without stack inside of it and it could only dock one spacecraft at a time. The primary use of this space station was to study the effects of long line space travel on a human body, as well as studying effects on growing plants.On April 19, 1971 Soyuz 10 was the first spacecraft to attempt a mission out to the space station however this mission was unsuccessful. As the space craft attempted to dock it failed so the astronauts had to call back to earth. On the return the ships air supply turned toxic but only one man decreaseed out, all three astronauts recovered fully. On 2 June 6, 1971 Soyuz 11 embarked on a journey to the space station. This ship was originally supposed to be manned by Valery Kubasov, Alexei Leonov, and Pyotr Kolodin. Just before the launch, Valery Kubasov was suspected to score tuberculosis so this crew was replaced by three other men.They were Geo rgi Dobrovolski, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev. Soyuz 11 successfully reached the space station and managed to hand dock the ship once they were within 100 metres. Once docked, problems began to take over the mission. Instruments and telescopes were not working, cramped space made it hard to work, and personalities were clashing. A small fire had even broke out at one point. This is when the crew decided to cut the mission six days short and go home. Right after Soyuz 11 undocked and made its port back to earth, all communication with the crew was lost.This happened much earlier than was to be expected. The ship made its way to earth and was discovered on June 29, 1971. When it was opened, all three members of the crew were found dead. The followers images are from Space Facts(n. d. ) Figure 2. 1 a) a view of Soyuz 11 docked b) a view of Soyuz 11 taking off (Space Facts, n. d. ) a b Figure 2. 2 a) seating chart for the astronauts b) the three astronauts inside Soyuz 11 c) astronauts preparing for takeoff (Space Facts, n. d) abc 3 3. 1 What Went Wrong Unless otherwise stated the facts provided in this section come from Engineering Failures(n. . ) All the people on earth at the time thought this was a normal re-entry of a space craft. However upon opening the capsule the discovered differently. It was obvious to the people there that the crew had suffocated. Located between the orbital mental faculty and the descent module was a cellular respiration valve. As the 2 modules had been separated this valve was forced open. The two modules were connected via explosive bolts, these bolts were intended to fire sequentially or one after the other, but they actually fired simultaneously or at the same time.Because of this there was extra force put onto internal parts of the space craft. The ventilation valve had been jerked open by all this extra force. This valve was intended to automatically adjust cabin wedge but because it was actually opened in outer s pace the cabin pressure of the space craft very quickly reached zero, a fatal pressure for the cabin to be at. This valve was located underneath of the astronauts chairs making it unaccepted for them solve the problem. One of the astronauts was wearing a suit with biomedical sensors that showed he died within 40 seconds of the pressure loss.It only took 935 seconds for the cabin to reach a pressure of zero. 4 The facts in the next paragraph are from abyss. uoregon. edu(n. d. ) What caused all this to go wrong was a poor design. It should have been placed in a to a greater extent accessible place. When thoughts were going into its design it was thought that it would only need to be used in an emergency, however no one thought what would be hap that it would need to be closed. The valve was intended for emergency but proved no use in the emergency because it was inaccessible.This problem could have been solved if the design team up performed more tests, however it is impossible for a design team of a safety device to know every single situation that could happen. The following is a quote from Geoff Perry, Senior Science Master at Kettering Grammar School. 5 I picked up my first signals for over 7 days on 28 June nigh 2110 UT Salyut on 20. 008 MHz and assumed that recovery would take place on 29 June around 2000 UT. Consequently I set the alarm time for 3. a. m. BST hoping to see two objects indicating that Soyuz-11 had separated from Salyut but that was not to be.We had no signals during 29 June and when 2000 UT came and went I went off watch, but, fortunately, left the time switch to do the pass at 2230 and 0300 UT. I did not believe that the Russians would anguish about a recovery in darkness at this time of the year, considering their usual precision landings. However, they did worry and Soyuz-11 went two extra revs to give a daylight recovery. The time switch recorded signals 45 s after it had operated with LOS at 224715 +/- 15 s (allowing for possibl e variations in mains frequency affecting the clockwork).Peter Bentley had banked on a daylight recovery and was listening at Menai Bridge and gives LOS at 224727 +/- 1 s (or, as he says, +/- 5 s for 99% accuracy). I have therefore adopted 224725 +/- 5 s as LOS and the time of breakup of the descent module and instrument module. The tragedy must have occurred minutes, or even only seconds, later. Telemetry at LOS was normal for a Soyuz recovery. (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) The following is a map taken from Svens Space Page (n. d. ) showing what information the Kettering group had received from Soyuz 11. Figure 3. a) map of the landing route for Soyuz 11 (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) a 6 The following are images from after Soyuz 11 landed. Figure 3. 2 a) Soyuz 11 after landing b) workers covering up the astronauts a b Figure 3. 3 a) Funeral held for the three Soyuz 11 astronauts a 3. 2 What Was Learned 7 After this terrible and fatal accident much thought and friendliness went into the next missions. First off the USSR never again attempted to send astronauts to the Salyut 1 space station. Eventually Salyut 1 was deorbited and burnt up. It took more than two days for another man mission to be attempted About. om(n. d. ) The Soyuz spacecraft went through a lot of modifications. The first main difference was that it was redesigned to only carry two astronauts instead of three. This allowed more room inside which allowed for the astronauts to wear space suits during the launch and the landing. The Soyuz capsule remained this way until a new design in 1980 which allowed three astronauts. 4. 0 Summary The Soyuz 11 space disaster was an extremely unfortunate event. Three astronauts died from a malfunction that should have been fixable. This is a

Balance Scorecard Essay

A Balanced Scorecard is a framework that focuses on shareholder, customer, internal and learning requirements of a agate line in order to create a system of linked objectives, measures, targets and initiatives which collectively describe the dodge of an organization and how that strategy can be achieved. The Balanced scorecard retains the traditional fiscal measures and complements them with measures that are drivers of future motion.The objectives and measures of the scorecard are derived from an organizations vision and strategy and these view organizational performance. The equilibrize scorecard is a management system (not only a measurement system) that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action. It provides feedback around both(prenominal) the internal business processes and external outcomes in order to continuously improve strategic performance and results.When fully deployed, the balanced scorecard transforms strategic plann ing from an academic exercise into the impudence center of an enterprise. The balanced scorecard is a tool developed by Kaplan and Norton to articulate, execute and monitor strategy using a mix of financial and non-financial measures. It is designed to translate vision and strategy into objectives and measures across four balanced perspectives financial, customers, internal business processes and learning and growth. It focuses on all the activities that generate financial results rather than the financial side alone.The scorecard depicts strategy as a series of cause-and-effect relationships between critical variables and gives a framework for ensuring that strategy is translated into a coherent set of performance measures. The use of a hierarchy of scorecards cascading through the organisation ensures that strategy and performance measurement is closely aligned. The Balanced Scorecard can act as both a control system and a management tool. In other words, it can be used for monit oring performance as well as for strategic planning. Its versatility may be one of the reasons why so many companies have chosen to adopt it.

Marketing Management – Coca Cola India

Coca Cola Indias Thirst for the Rural Market Coca Cola Indias Thirst for the Rural Market Thanda Goes Rural In early 2002, Coca-Cola India (CCI) (Refer evince I for information about CCI) launched a new advertisement campaign featuring leading bollywood actor Aamir caravansary. The advertisement with the tag line Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola was targeted at pastoral and semi-urban consumers. correspond to political party sources, the idea was to position Coca-Cola as a generic wine brand for insensate drinks.The campaign was launched to support CCIs rural marketing initiatives. CCI began focus oning on the rural market in the early 2000s in order to increase volumes. This decision was not surprising, given the huge size of the untapped rural market in India (Refer Exhibit II to learn about the rural market in India). With level(p) sales in the urban aras, it was clear that CCI would have to shift its focus to the rural market. Nantoo Banerjee, spokeswoman CCI, said, The real market in India is in the rural areas.If you can crack it, in that location is tremendous potential. However, the poor rural infrastructure and consumption habits that are very different from those of urban people were two major obstacles to cracking the rural market for CCI. Because of the erratic power supply most grocers in rural areas did not gillyflower cold drinks. Also, people in rural areas had a preference for traditional cold drinkings such as lassi6 and lemon juice. Further, the price of the beverage was in like manner a major factor for the rural consumer.CCIs Rural Marketing Strategy CCIs rural marketing strategy was based on three As Availability, Affordability and Acceptability. The low A Availability emphasized on the availability of the product to the customer the second A Affordability foc utilize on product pricing, and the third A- Acceptability focused on convincing the customer to buy the product. Availability Once CCI entered the rural market it focuse d on strengthening its distribution network there. It realise that the centralized distribution ystem used by the c everyer-out in the urban areas would not be suitable for rural areas. In the centralized distribution system, the product was transported directly from the bottling plants to retailers (Refer Figure I). However, CCI realized that this distribution system would not work in rural markets, as taking stock directly from bottling plants to retail stores would be very costly out-of-pocket to the long distances to be covered. The go with instead opted for a hub and spoke distribution system (Refer Figure II).Under the hub and spoke distribution system, stock was transported from the bottling plants to hubs and then from hubs, the stock was transported to spokes, which were situated in small towns. These spokes fed the retailers catering to the demand in rural areas. CCI not hardly changed its distribution model, it also changed the type of vehicles used for transportatio n. The company used large trucks for transporting stock from bottling plants to hubs and medium commercial vehicles transported the stock from the hubs to spokes.For transporting stock from spokes to village retailers, the company utilized auto rickshaws and cycles. Commenting on the transportation of stock in rural markets, a company spokesperson said, We use all possible means of transport that range from trucks, auto rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and hand carts to even camel carts in Rajasthan and mules in the hilly areas, to cart our products from the nearest hub. 7 In late 2002, CCI made an additional investment of Rs 7 million (Rs 5 million from the company and Rs 2 million from the companys bottlers) to meet rural demand.By March 2003, the company had added 25 production lines and doubled its glass and PET bottle capacity8. Further it also distributed around 2,00,000 refrigerators to its rural retailers. It also purchased 5,000 new trucks and auto rickshaws for boosting its rura l distribution. Through its rural distribution initiatives, CCI was able to increase its presence in rural areas from a coverage of 81,383 villages in 2001 to 1,58,342 villages in terrible 2003. Apart from strengthening its distribution network, CCI also focused on pricing in rural market. AffordabilityA follow conducted by CCI in 2001 revealed that 300 ml bottles were not ordinary with rural and semi urban residents where two persons often shared a 300 ml bottle. It was also found that the price of Rs10/- per bottle was considered too high up by rural consumers. For these reasons, CCI decided to make some changes in the size of its bottles and pricing to take over consumers in the rural market. In 2002, CCI launched 200 ml bottles (Chota Coke)9 priced at Rs 5. CCI announced that it would push the 200 ml bottles much in rural areas, as the rural market was very price-sensitive.It was widely felt that the 200 ml bottles priced at Rs. 5 would increase the rate of consumption in rural India. Reports ordain the annual per capita consumption of bottled beverages in rural areas at one bottle as compared to 6 bottles in urban areas. The 200 ml bottles priced at Rs. 5 would also make CCI competitive against local brands in the unorganized sector. It was reported that in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat the local cola brands such as Choice and Tikli cost only half the price offered by CCI, which gave them the advantage in garnering the major market share before CCI came out with Chota Coke.CCI also targeted the rural consumer aggressively in its marketing campaigns, which were aimed at increasing awareness of its brands in rural areas. Acceptability The initiatives of CCI in distribution and pricing were supported by extensive marketing in the nap media as well as through outdoor advertising. The company put up hoardings in villages and painted the name Coca Cola on the compounds of the residences in the villages. Further, CCI also participated in the weekly mandies10 by setting up temporary retail outlets, and also took part in the annual haats11 and fairs major sources of business bodily function and entertainment in rural India.CCI also launched television commercials (TVCs) targeted at rural consumers. In order to reach more rural consumers, CCI increase its ad-spend on Doordarshan. 12 The company ensured that all its rural marketing initiatives were well supported by TVCs. When CCI launched Chota Coke in 2002 priced at Rs. 5, it bought out a commercial featuring Bollywood actor Aamir caravansary to communicate the message of the price cut and the launch of 200 ml bottles to the rural consumers. The commercial was shot in a rural setting.In the spend of 2003, CCI came up with a new commercial featuring Aamir Khan, to further strengthen the Coca-Cola brand image among rural consumers. The commercial aimed at making coke a generic name for Thanda. Of the reason for picking up the word Thanda, Prasoon Joshi, national creative dire ctor McCann Erickson, the creator of the commercial, said, Thanda is a very North India-centric phenomenon. Go to any eating place in the north, and attendants would promptly ask, thanda ya garam? Thanda usually means lassi or nimbu pani, garam is essentially tea.Because the character, in itself, represented a culture, we wanted to equate Coke with Thanda, since Thanda too is part of the popular dialect of the north, thus making Thanda generic for Coca-Cola. With the long-playing possibilities of the Thanda idea becoming evident, Thanda became the central idea. Once we decided to work on that idea, the creative mind provided opened up. 13 Between March and September 2003, CCI launched three commercials with the Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola tag line. All the three commercials aimed to make rural and semi-urban consumers connect with Coca-Cola.The first ad have Aamir Khan as a tapori (street smart) in the ad he makes the association between Coca-Cola and the word Thanda. The second co mmercial in the series featured Aamir Khan as a Hyderabadi shop-keeper here again he equates the word Thanda with Coca-Cola. The third commercial featured Aamir Khan as a Punjabi farmer who offers Coca Cola to ladies ask for Thanda. The three commercials showed progression in associating Coke with Thanda in a rural/semi-urban context.In the first commercial the connection of Coke with Thanda was made, in the second one there was a subtle difference, with the shopkeeper asking customers to ask for Thanda instead of Coke, and the third commercial showed that when one asked for Thanda, one would get Coke. Analysts said that all the three commercials succeeded in make rural consumers connect to Coke and increased awareness of the brand among them. Along with TVCs, CCI also launched print advertisements in several regional newspapers. Future ProspectsCCI claimed all its marketing initiatives were very successful, and as a result, its rural penetration increased from 9% in 2001 to 25% in 2003. CCI also said that volumes from rural markets had increased to 35% in 2003. The company said that it would focus on adding more villages to its distribution network. For the year 2003, CCI had a target of reaching 0. 1 million more villages. Analysts pointed out that stiff competition from archrival PepsiCo would make it increasingly difficult for CCI to garner more market share.PepsiCo too had started focusing on the rural market, due to the flat volumes in urban areas. Like CCI, PepsiCo too launched 200 ml bottles priced at Rs. 5. Going one step ahead, PepsiCo slashed the price of its 300 ml bottles to Rs 6/- to boost volumes in urban areas. (Refer Exhibit III for Pepsi Cos rural marketing initiatives. ) In early 2003, CCI announced that it was dropping plans to venture into other beverage businesses. alliance sources said that increasing volumes of cola drinks had made the company rethink its plans of launching juice and milk-based beverages.In 2002, CCI had announced pla ns to launch beverages such as nimbu paani (lemon juice), fruit juice, cold coffee, and iced tea in collaboration with Nestle India. 14 Though CCI was upbeat because of its early success in its drive to capture the rural market, the question was whether the company would be able to take this success further. A major media setback occurred in August 2003, when the Delhi-based Center for Science and Environment announced that it had found high pesticide content in soft drinks manufactured and sold by both cola majors.Around same time BBC Radio in its program nervus the Facts alleged that Cokes plant in Kerala was making excessive use of ground water resources in the region and was also contaminating the groundwater through discharge of toxic elements, thereby harming the land, water resources and also the food chain in the region. Though CCI refuted these allegations, the company reportedly experienced a considerable decline in sales after August 2003. With many social and political groups becoming active against the cola companies in rural areas, it remains to be seen whether CCI will be able to quench its appetency for the rural market.

Meta-Investigation on The Michael Brown Case Essay

Block A. A. Terms problem- The teams are not communicating primarily campaignd by the J. Edgar Hoover Model, rapscallion 37, Detective Terms. This model does not require identifying the investigative building blocks or rules of investigations and assumes that every integrity on the team will know them. It can be argued that this is the main cause of most problems in building cases. Further evidence for this lack of communication was the failure to manage the body(Physical Evidence5) in a timely manner(Block A-Rules of Investigations) No one in the investigation has really known who has jurisdiction over this case. It went from city to county and then state and no one actually preceded to be the 1st in line of action to step up and say, Hey, we have it. One of the influencers in this case was Al Sharpton, basically bringing in the Feds and making it a civic case of racism. The population of Ferguson is 67% black, which has served as a big influence on this case.Case Label Block 1The re are no actual charges yet for this case, because they are still investigating this case in Ferguson, Missouri. The ships officer had reasonable doubt to ask Michael Brown to get off the highroad and to get onto the sidewalk. He had the law on his side if he would have frisked the two young guys and possibly arrest one or both of them. The media and Al Sharpton and other Elites are trying to make this out to be a civil case. It almost seems as if Michael basically committed Copicide. The rule of discretion was followed, it seems. The officer followed through at his own discretion instead of calling for backup.Verbal Evidence Block 2Michael Brown had no most-serious felony convictions or pending cases. Dorian Johnson, witness to Michael Brown getting shot, has been accused of lying in the past upon several occasions. This makes him to be a bad witness for this case, good for the officers case though.

Dementia Care Pathway-People with Learning Disability Essay

The Psychiatrist is responsible for making the decision with regards to diagnosis they will be reliant on the information and assessments of other professionals to assist in this process. The Psychiatrist will then decide on the most appropriate treatment for treating. The key role of the community nurse is to maximise the wellness and wellbeing of an idiosyncratic. Looking at the individual from a holistic perspective the nurse will promote good wellness with proactive strategies, minimise health risks through assessment and c ar planning. The primary goal of Occupational Therapy is to enable people to participate in the activities of everyday life. Occupational Therapists engage with clients using activities that are meaningful and purposeful to them to assess and treat the physical, psychological and social needs of the individual and their environment to enable them to reach or retain their best potential.OTs mathematical function a range of different assessment methods, look ing at functional and cognitive skills, for activities of daily living, activity levels sensory needs and well-being. Physiotherapists are responsible for promoting mobility to the optimum level for as long as possible and then for assessing and providing additional support and mobility aids when necessary. Speech and Language Therapists working with individuals with learning disabilities who have develop dementia cover two main areas Communication The Speech and Language Therapists role is to assess the communication needs of the individual with dementia, chance upon means for supporting these, and advising carers and support workers regarding improved, or successful communication.Eating and Drinking The role of the speech and language therapist is, in liaison with others, to assess the individual and advise regarding strategies to improve safety of eating, drinking and swallowing or to suggest strategies to support the maintenance of adequate oral intake. Clinical Psychologists can be involved in diagnosing dementia, often when the persons difficulties are complex and the diagnosis unclear. Once a diagnosis has been made psychologists would intervene where there are problems much(prenominal) as challenging behaviour, depression and anxiety, or where there are issues to do with loss, illness and disability.

Multicultural counselling issues

Gender plays role in racial discrimination because males and females of a different ethnicality ar treated in different ways. In particular instance, females of a specific ethnic congregation experience at least dickens forms of discrimination found of her race, sex activity, religious belief, age and social status. The term racism is strongly associated with hatred and prejudice of an individuals identity including either aspects of his identity and sexual orientation hence females experience a different manner of discrimination.International groups such as the United Nations cod regarded racial and gender discrimination as two independent issues resulting in females continuing to suffer from numerous types of injustices. It is thus essential that the gender component of racial discrimination be well understood in order to draw actions towards racial discrimination that be helpful to both males and females.There are several instances when the issues of gender and racial d iscrimination interconnect (Crenshaw KW, 2000). The interplay of these two concepts may take different modes and arise in different circumstances. One situation involves gender-based forcefulness. In this situation, females are more likely to experience more cases of violence because discrimination that is influenced by gender depicts females as the most defenseless elements of society.Inclusion of the concept of racial discrimination thus generates violence on females, making them doubly at risk of violence. These kinds of circumstances tend to be more difficult because certain women from remote areas may be hesitant in reporting any violent incidents that they have experienced because they are concerned that no action get out be performed with regards to their report or that their statement will be get with indifference or hostility.Another situation wherein gender is interconnected with racial discrimination can be observed among impoverished women. It has been estimated that approximately 1.3 billion individuals who are living in extreme need are women (UNDP, 2000). Such condition is strongly related to their inability to receive any form of education as well as training courses hence rendering them under-qualified for most of the available employment.Simultaneously, the trends of globalization and alteration in governmental laws have resulted in more problems for women because gender inequalities were exposed. One example can be observed among governments that do not provide unemployment insurance of single mothers or female heads of households. The merged effect of gender and racial discrimination may also hinder the retrieval of women to economic resources, including loans, credit and real estate property and can also rival the intervention they receive when they request for social services from the government. Such hardship thus endangers women to poverty and financial hardship.Gender is also intertwined with the issue of racial discrimination in scathe of education. It has been discovered that the global literacy rate for women is significantly lower than that among men. The discrepancy in literacy rate between men and women is even greater in developing countries. More than half of out-of-school children are girls and that among illiterate adults, two-thirds are comprised by women. These gender-based illiteracy reports show that females have less access to educational resources which in flexure results in a lower rate of participation in training programs.Such decrease in education restrains females in their full understanding and ken of their legal rights, including the right to be employed and to own real estate properties. The access of females to education through attendance in school is also unnatural by circumstances of early pregnancy, childrearing and domestic family responsibilities. The lack or insufficiency of knowledge on reproductive health among women due to poor access to educational resources further hampers the living conditions of women. It is well-known that education is strongly correlated with employment options and financial stability, hence women are at a disadvantage with regards to availing such opportunities.2. out-of-pocket to the increasing diverse population in our society, it is imperative for mental health practitioners to increase their cultural awareness and cultural competence in the process of psychotherapy. A culturally adapted therapist is one who has moved from ignorance to being educated with his/her own cultural heritage and to respecting differences. In addition, he/she is cognizant of how his/her values and biases affect minority nodes.A culturally competent therapist must acquire specific knowledge related to the history of cultural standards and lifestyles about the minority group with which he/she is working. It is also important to have a thorough knowledge of socio-political factors and how they affect these marginalized groups in relation to th e majority culture. In addition, a culturally competent therapist should understand value assumptions (abnormality and normality) that are fundamental in the major schools of therapy and how they may influence the values of the culturally different.Some major models may ready the abilities of the culturally different client due to the generic characteristics of therapy including language issues culture bound values and class-bound values. At the skills level, a culturally competent therapist should be able to tap into a wide variety of verbal and nonverbal responses. The focus should be to practice with a multitude of response modalities rather than relying on narrow set of skills in therapy.The application of psychology is largely a product of individualistic cultures and may be questionable when applied to collectivist cultures. individual and collectivist cultures are exact opposites on a continuum of how people interact with others and the collectivist values may often clash w ith the individualistic values essential in the counseling and psychotherapy process.The psychoanalytic approach emphasizes achieving insight through the discovery of unconscious thoughts, feelings and motivations, which is similar to other ethnic cultural concepts such as striving for self-development through the process of introspection. Although insight-oriented approach is appealing to most clients of different ethncities, they practice the process of self-examination privately and not revealed to others. Hence, clinicians should attend to the possible fidget of the client while exploring the most intimate thoughts and feelings in their inner world.For example, most Asian clients anticipate quick symptom relief when they actually do look to mental health services. Rather than mere reliance of free association, the clinician could instill structure in the therapy session by asking questions and giving directions to the client. This would not only when maximize the effectivene ss of therapy outcome but also meet the clients expectations in discussion. One way of addressing of this problem is for the clinician to educate the client at the onset therapy the nature and rationale of psychoanalytic approach to ease the client into the process.Some of the more commonly complaints made by Asian clients is their impatience in the process of psychoanalytic therapy with the clinicians pace in addressing the clients symptoms focus of the past rather than the present and lack of structure in the session. geographic expedition of the clients life events that are relevant to them such as migration experiences would inadvertently elicit important information such as past memories of childishness and or parental influences. Clinicians should be aware of other cultures worldviews and values and the similarities and differences that exist with the host culture.These values and beliefs are inherent in tales, fables and myths in a culture. For example, hierarchical transf erence is common in Asian cultures where the client brings the Asian values of filial piety (childrens obligation to care for elder parents) and respect to authority. In addition, authority figures are idealized as benevolent in Asian cultures hence the client experiences a positive relationship with the therapist similar to that of a parent and child, in which the client will obey and respect the therapist. Clinicians can work through this transference by offering a positive interpretation of this type of hierarchical transference as well as respecting the clients cultural values.3. The refusal to work with a homosexual client is an ethical violation because counseling should be provided to any individual regardless of culture, gender, sexual orientation and ethnicity. The Rehabilitation Act Amendment of 1992 discretely describes that actions of inequitable treatment of minorities or members of an ethnic group or gender have been observed in majority of rehabilitation operations. Research has indicated that cultural diversity is a common factor that a counselor has to deal with during his routine operations and that positive results have increased when personal information with regards to the patient are disclosed to the counselor prior to treatment or consultation.Disclosure provides ample time for the counselor to prepare himself for the encounter with the patient, together with the patients background, including sexual orientation, religious belief, cultural background and ethnicity. The refusal of a counselor to work with a homosexual client thus is an ethical violation because the counselor restricts himself from providing his services to any individual who requests his service. Every individual should have an equal opportunity to request and receive services from a counselor and any other healthcare practitioner, regards of the details of his background.For my future counseling practice, I will also employ the self-disclosure strategy in order to accom modate the multicultural setting of my practice. I think the if I start to self-disclose my information to the client onward counseling, the client will feel more relaxed and comfortable to interact with me during counseling sessions because my client will feel that he is not alone in terms of self-disclosure choices.ReferencesCrenshaw KW (2000) Gender-related aspects of race discrimination, background paper for Expert Meeting on Gender and Racial Discrimination, 21-24 Novem-ber 2000, Zagreb, Croatia (EM/GRD/ 2000/WP.1).United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2000) Poverty Report 2000 Overcoming serviceman Poverty.

James Weldon Johnson

Janice contendriner November 29, 2012 Composition 1030 Nowak James Weldon Johnson From the preface to The Book of American Negro poem (1921) During the 1920s, the country was still segregated, and dour people were denied the right to vote, attend schools where they would be intermixing with ashen people, and often lived without the same standard of living embraced by white people. They often did not have electricity, their clothes were in distressing condition and books were often discarded books from the white schools.Black males were automatically suspects in crimes, and often did not have a fair trial. White people wanted order and perfection. During the film, Birth of a Nation The Civil War Films of DW Griffith The black, break ones back woman in the show reminded me of Mammy. Mammy is a well-recognized racial caricature. She was created with the idea to claim that slaves were happy, and thus, bondage was humane. Mammy is pictured with very dark skin and a bandana, signal ing that she is a hard actor and is sweaty.She is an extremely heavy set, older woman and the message was that the white men found the black slave woman unattractive and there was no sexual contact between them. This was a complete lie, because entrancement and sexual exploitation was happening as a result of the master-slave relationship. She was also considered to be the property of the white family. During this time, the Harlem Renaissance was also taking place. During the 1920-1930s this was referred to as the New Negro Movement.Because of the radio, black authors, poets, painters, playwrights, actors and musicians gained exposure and were brought to a national audience. An indication that things would change. Has it? Stereotyping always will be a part of partnership because of the different life experiences and ideas that we develop about ourselves and other people. It becomes a problem with it turns to violence or severe ideas or behavior. It is up to each individual person to break stereotypes by trying to represent himself or herself in a positive light.

The position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920’s

I believe that the following statement the position of any told(prenominal) women in the USA had im parentd by the end of the 1920s is not true because only a petite percentage of womens lives changed, these were usually the fastness or middle class and those who lived in the cities. I intend to prove my beliefs in the following paragraphs by evaluating the different aspects of their lifes, work, home, society and habilitate. Work During the First world fight a number of women worked for the first time, some of these jobs had previously been done by men.Even though women proved that they could do these jobs just as well as the men, m both lost their jobs when the men returned from war. Two million to a greater extent women were occupyed in 1930 than in 1920, this was however an increase of only 1 per cent. Women achieved almost a trine of all degrees by 1930, but only 4% of the professors were women. Women still tended to work in the least experient and lowest paid jobs and men were still paid more than than women for doing the same job. Women did not get some(prenominal) help from the government or police either.The Supreme Court banned laws that set a negligible wage for women workers. Men were still the managers and had the jobs with the best prospects, there were however new jobs for women but they tended to be so called womens jobs such as librarians teachers and nurses. Most women workers still had low paying jobs. In the new radio attention women were the preferred employees because of their small nimble hands but one of the main reasons why employees were willing to employ women was that they could pay women lower wages than men for performing the same job.Home On the whole these orotund middle classes do their own housework with few of the mechanical aids, among 10,000 farm houses only 32% had any running water at all, only 57% used washing machines and only 47% had a carpet sweeper. Women who live on farms and they form the largest grou p in the USA did a great charter of work besides their labour of caring for their children, washing the clothes, caring for the home and cooking, thousands of women still laboured in the fields.Men remained the main breadwinners and women cooked cleaned and raised their children, whereas boys continued to play with guns and grew up to head their families, girls played with dolls and looked forward to careers as wives and mothers. Society After the war and during the 1920s much changed, at least for middle and swiftness class women. some taboos disappeared, women started to smoke in public sales of cigarettes doubled during the decade. It became acceptable for women to drive, and take part in backbreaking sport. Women also socialised with men more easily.Chaperons were abandoned and the pre war waltz gave way to a more daring dance the Charleston. By the mid 1920s womens fashions had been transformed. Hemlines shot up. It would have been considered scandalous for a man and widow ed women to meet alone, for whatever reason. It was also socially unacceptable for women to smoke in public before the war, it was illegitimate in New York. Attitudes towards sex and marriage seemed to be changing a survey in 1920 put up that only 31% of the college students questioned had not had sex before marriage compared to 74% of the college students questioned in 1900.New laws do it easier for women to carve up their husbands in 1900 only 81 out of every 1000 marriages ended in divorce but by 1928 the number of marriages ending in divorce had risen to 166 out of every 1000. It immediately became acceptable for women to see the new superstars such as Babe Ruth at baseball games. in that location was exciting entertainment at the new cinemas built nationwide where rich and poor, men and women flocked to see Hollywood films featuring stars like Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino.In the 1920s middle class women had more free time, partly due to the new national labour s aving products like vacuum cleaners. If they had a car (as umpteen did ) they were no longer so bound to the home. For thousands of American women in rural areas, the 1920s did not bring many changes. They continued to play traditional roles within the family . The most significant sign that the roles of women was changing was when in 1920 women had been given the voting entitling them to more policy-making power, this change affected all women nationwide every women had the right to vote despite her status in society.Clothing Clothes had changed, the tight waisted, ankle length, voluminous dresses of pre war days had been replaced by waistless knee length, light dresses. These gave greater freedom of movement as well as being more daring. Before the war women had been expected to have long hair. After the war short hair became a sign of liberation. force up became popular and sales boomed, led by advertisements. Flapper was a name given to a change state urban woman. Few wome n would have regarded themselves as flappers but the flapper represented an extreme example of the changes that were affecting many women.They were identified by their short skirts, bobbed hair, powdered knees, bright clothes and lots of make up. Flappers were mainly upper and middle class women from the Northern states. After carefully evaluating the evidence available concerning the way womens lifes changed in Society, work, clothing and home I believe that it is evident that only a small percentage of womens lives changed. These were usually the upper or middle class because they were the only ones who could afford the new mod cons e. g. vacuum cleaner resulting in them having more free time in which they could go and see the new entertainment.Also nearly all upper and middle class women possessed a car compared to a mere 40% on the job(p) class families meaning that only the upper and middle class were not bound to the home. The position of all women did not improve in the 1920 s because women in rural areas who formed the largest group in the USA did not notice many changes. The only significant change that improved the roles of all women within society was them gaining the vote in 1920, but this led to women losing their unifying cause. A vast majority of womens lifes stayed the same.

Cultures: Theoretical Models

Cultures Theoretical Models Walden University Cross-Cultural psychology examines gentleman activities in various cultural settings, by engaging several approaches. Some of these approaches were self explicit from the course video dealing with the Thailand women cultural wear of brass neck shackles. Evolutionary Perspective The enculturation of corrosion brass neck shackles by the Thailand women is described by the relative evolutionary factors affecting human behavior. Charles Darwins theory of evolution by natural infusion postulates that organism evolve with the pursuit of the biologic traits that go away promote longevity and survival.Such traitsaggressiveness, initiative, curiosity, obedience, intelligence, and so forth , argon so selected to reproduce offspring that leave alone permeate and advance same competitive, advantageous genes to unending generations. These desired or preferred geneticbiological inheritance, elicited or interpreted in the plant of beauty, repro ductive behavior, proportional body size, bodily hormones, etc. form the bases for the cultural persuasion, (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). The sexes utilize these endowments as a measure of selection or discrimination for or against opposite sexes.Applicably, in the case of the Thailand women, the evolutionary perspective will continue to maintain and uphold this socialization of elongating the neck by wearing the brass-neck shackles, because the finishing promotes the selection of mates with long neck as a desired gene and supplys altruism in a woman the women, on the other hand, display the rollick of a long neck as an attraction for the right mate. By right mate, the woman, who, by nature, longs for stableness and security, targets material support in a partner. Sociological saluteSociological Approach is a cosmopolitan view of human behavior that focuses on broad social structures that influence society as a whole, and subsequently its individuals (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Society as an entity creates social structures that be purposefully designed to assure its stability and deference among its citizens. By creating these social norms, the society then imposes acceptance and subordination on the people. By default, the citizens of the society are nurtured and naturalized by the prescribed ethics and values.Consequently, these cultural norms and values are upheld in high entertain as a regulator of its citizen ideals, moral behaviors, ethics and expectations. Resultantly, the citizens pass on these cultural values or traditions from generation to generation, (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Upon the above premises, the traditional Thailand fashionwomen wear of neck shackles to elongate the neck, reinforces the societal expectations by subjectively promoting the act as a required and desirable form of beauty the transference of the norm to posterity. Ecocultural ApproachUsing the ecocultural approach, explain how the womans interaction with the environment supports the actions she takes. The above approach coincides with the principle that entities are the product of their environment. In essence, individuals interact with the domain environmental factors have the ability to transform it and to be transform by it. These environmental factors relate to ecological contextthe economic activity of the population in interview to austerity of food, quality of nutrition, homeostasis, as well as, the density of the population. completely these exert a considerable jounce on individual. Another factor is the socio governmental contextrelates to the degree of the peoples involvement in some(prenominal) global and local decisions. Inclusive in this context are the presence or absence of political freedoms, ideological values and organization of government, (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Thus, economically hostile environment creates cross-cultural differences, hence, the less privileged will be concerned or consumed with fending for daily scour as a result, retain a culture of their own environment.As well, in politically unstable environments, long term customs are impact adversely. In the case of the action of the woman in the video, fleeing her country of origin to Thailand, to preserve her custom of wearing brass neck shackles intended to stretch the neck, was prompted by political instability and hostile environment, when in 1962, the armed services Government decided to modernize the society and get rid of all primitive and tribal customs.All three approaches of examining human activities in human cultural settingsevolutionary, sociological and ecocultural approaches share similarities, among which are They human organisms in a given setting maintain a defining culture or custom that governs their slipway of life. These customs uphold their value system and detect their moral and ethical behaviors. Secondly, all three approaches show that these traditions, customs or culture are die-hard and they are passed on from generation to generation. Nonetheless, certain differences live among them.Firstly, while evolutionary approach observes culture or custom development from a natural discriminatingbiological, principle and its outcome or foundation remains solid, the sociological approach deals with the development of culture done the impart of large social groups or institutions. The customs from the preceding setup are prone to sustain changes or reformations that produce societal disorder, economic disenfranchisement and dual-social order. Evidently, every society is regulated by one form of culture or the other. Such culture can be denoted with modernization, traditional or both.The clearer understanding of the custom of wearing brass neck shacklesfor neck elongation, as shown on the video, was provided evolutionary approach. This is because of theory of natural selection in which a desired trait is preserved and showcased. Such that, in the case of the Thailand women, the custom is the actor of being selected by and attracted to the well-off men for economic security. Reference Shiraev, E. , & Levy, D. (2010). Cross-cultural psychology Critical intellection and contemporary applications (4th ed. ). Boston Allyn and Bacon, Pearson Education, Inc.

Friedrich Nietzsche Essay

Existentialism provides a moving account of the wo(e) of macrocosm in the world. The spirit of existen- tialism has a long history in ism. But it be- came a major(ip) style in the second half of the 20th century. Existentialism is non a systematic carcass of public opinion like Marxism or psychoanalysis. Instead, it is more(prenominal) like an umbrella under which a very astray range of thinkers struggled with ques- tions about the meaning of life. Much of the appeal and popularity of Existential- ism is due to the sense of confusion, the crisis, and the feeling of rejection and rootlessness that Euro- peans felt up during World War II and its aftermath.Existentialisms focus on all(prenominal) persons role in cre- ating meaning in their life was a major influence on the Phenomenological and kind-heartedeitarian traditions in psychology and on the homosexual potential move- ment that emerged from them. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) utter, Conquer your- self rather than th e world. . To modern existential- ists this federal agency that the World itself has no real meaning or purpose. It is not the unfolding expres- sion of Human Destiny or a Divine plan, or even a set of natural laws.The only meaning is that which we crap by acts of depart. To bewilder a pregnant life we excite to act. But we should act without hope. Acting is meaningful however it doesnt create meaning that lasts beyond the acts themselves or beyond our own lifetime. You ar what you do while you argon doing it and then no liaison. (Very depressing. ) In The Myth of Sisyphus, Albert Camus (pronounced Kam-moo) (1913-1960) describes life as a kind of hopeless, endless, acclivitous labor. Hence, the only true problem is that of suicide. Yet, he rejects nihilism for the military man creation essential fight and neer accept defeat.The problem is to be a saint without a God. The last judgment fall upons place everyday. The charitable world must(prenominal) do his best, t ry for what he can within the confinements of his perspective. Camus describes Sisyphus condemned by the gods to push a stone up a hill over and over, only to have it roll back elaborate each time he reaches the top. A task that can never be completed. But he recuperates meaning in the fact that Sisyphus at least gets to decide each time whether to carry on or end it all. Camus says, The struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a mans heart. unmatchable must imagine Sisyphus happy. Although thither can never be any meaning in Sisy- phus task, there is meaning is choosing each time to continue. Despite encompassing a staggering range of phi- losophical, apparitional, and political ideologies, the be concepts of existentialist school of thought are simple Mankind has free exit. Life is a series of choices, creating stress. Few decisions are without any negative conse- quences. Some things are irrational or absurd, without explanation. If one makes a decision, he o r she must follow through. Notes on Existentialism by Tanweer Akram.The fundamental problem of existentialism is con- cerned with the study of cosmos. The homophile beings beingness is the first and basic fact the clement beings be- ing has no essence that comes out front his existence. The human being, as a being, is nothing. This nothingness and the non-existence of an essence is the fundamental source of the freedom the human being faces in each and every moment. The human being Notes on Existentialism Compiled for PSY 345 (Fall 2004) Existentialism Notes 2 has conversancy in view of his situation, in decisions which makes himself and sets himself to solves his problems andlive in the world. Thrown into the world, the human being is con- demned to be free. The human being must take this freedom of being and the responsibility and guilt of his actions. Each action negates the former(a) possible courses of action and their consequences so the human being must be accountab le without excuse. The human being must not slip a put forwardive style from his re- sponsibilities. The human being must take deci- sions and assume responsibilities. there is no sig- nificance in this world, this universe. The human being cannot find any purpose in life his existence is only a contingent fact.His being does not emerge from necessity. If a human being rejects the senseless pretensions, the illusions of his existence hav- ing a meaning, he encounters the absurdity, the fu- tility of life. The human beings role in the world is not predetermined or fixed every person is com- pelled to make a choice. Choice is one thing the human being must make. The trouble is that most often the human being refuses to occupy. Hence, he cannot derive his freedom and the futility of his existence. Basically existence is of two types authentic and inauthentic forms of existence.Authentic existence is contrasted with dynamic and is the being-for- itself, rising from the human being s bad faith, by which the human being moves away from the bur- den of responsibility, through this beliefs in dogma and by regarding himself as subject to outside in- fluences and his actions to be predetermined. There is a contact lens contrast between the authentic and the inauthentic forms of being the authentic being is the being of the human being and the inau- thentic being is the being for things. Yet, authentic being is only rarely attained by the human being still it is what the human being must strive to gain.The inauthentic being-in-itself is characteristically distinctive of things it is what the human being is diseased with for his failure to see himself as and act according as a free agentive role and his impotency to reject bad faith. Things are only what they are. But the human being is what can be. Things are deter- mined, fixed, and rigid the human being is free he can add essence to his life in the course of his life and he is in a constant state of flux and is a ble to handle his situation.The human being does not live in a pre-determined world the human be- ing is free to work out his aims, to materialize his dreams hence, he has only the destiny he forges for himself because in this world nothing happens out of necessity. The human being hides himself from freedom by self-deception, acting like a thing, as if he is a pas- sive subject, sooner of realizing the authentic be- ing for the human being this is bad faith.In bad faith, the human being shelter himself from re- sponsibility by not noticing the dimensions of al- ternative courses of action facing him in bad faith, the human being behaves as early(a)s demand of him by conforming to the standards of accepted values and by adopting roles designed for him in bad faith, the human being loses the liberty of his virtuous will, his freedom to decide in bad faith, the human being imprisons himself within inauthentic- ity for he has ref utilise to take the challenge of re- sponsibility and the anxiety that comes along with his freedom. worry ascends from the human beings realiza- tion that the human beings destiny is not fixed but is open to an undetermined future of infinite possi- bilities and limitless oscilloscope The emptiness of fu- ture destiny must be filled by making choices for which he alone will assume responsibility and blame.This anxiety is limn at every moment of the human beings existence anxiety is part and parcel of authentic existence. Anxiety leads the human being to take decisions and be connected. The human being tries to avoid this anguish through bad faith. But the free human being, in his authenticity, must be involved for his own actions are only his, his responsibility is to himself, his being is his own.The human being must be com- mitted. To be committed means not to support this in place of that, but to attach a human beings total- ity to a cause it is the human beings existential freedom that leads to total commitment. existentia list philosopher thinkers begin from the human situa- tion in the world the condition of despair, the modes of existence, the human beings tendency to avoid authentic existence, his relation to things, his own body, and to other beings, with whom he can- not come into genuine communication, and the sufferings of life.Starting from the study of being, each existentialist philosopher thinkers originate their own doc- trines, with their own stress on particular as- pects. Very often their viewpoints is conflicting and sometimes contradictory yet this philosophi-cal attitude of being, as a whole, can be described as the existentialist movement, which stresses upon the being of the human being.Existentialism Notes 3 Additional Notes on Existentialism Existentialism, philosophical movement or ten- dency, emphasizing person existence, freedom, and choice, that influenced many assorted writers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Major Themes Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, the term is impossible to define precisely. Certain themes vernacular to virtually all existentialist writers can, however, be identified.The term itself suggests one major theme the stress on concrete individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice. Moral Individualism Most philosophers since Plato have held that the highest respectable good is the same for everyone inso- far as one approaches moral complete(a)ion, one resem- bles other morally perfect individuals. The 19th- century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, who was the first writer to call himself existential, reacted against this tradition by insisting that the highest good for the individual is to find his or her own unique vocation.As he wrote in his journal, I must find a truth that is true for me . . . the idea for which I can live or die. Other existentialist writers have echoed Kierkegaards belief that one must choose ones own way without the aid o f universal, objective standards. Against the traditional view that moral choice involves an objective judgment of right and wrong, existentialists have argued that no objective, rational basis can be found for moral decisions. The 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche further contended that the indi- vidual must decide which situations are to count as moral situations.SubjectivityAll existentialists have followed Kierkegaard in s tressing the importance of fanatical individual action in deciding questions of both morality and truth. They have insisted, accordingly, that per- sonal experience and acting on ones own convic- tions are essential in arriving at the truth. Thus, the understanding of a situation by someone involved in that situation is superior to that of a detached, objective observer. This emphasis on the perspec- tive of the individual agent has also made existen- tialists suspicious of systematic causal agencying.Kierke- gaard, Nietzsche, and other exi stentialist writers have been by design unsystematic in the exposi- tion of their philosophies, preferring to express themselves in aphorisms, dialogues, parables, and other literary forms. Despite their antirationalist position, however, most existentialists cannot be said to be irrationalists in the sense of denying all legitimateity to rational thought. They have held that rational clarity is wanted wherever possible, but that the most important questions in life are not accessible to reason or science. Furthermore, they have argued that even science is not as rational as is commonly supposed.Nietzsche, for instance, insist that the scientific assumption of an orderly universe is for the most part a useful fiction. Choice and commitment Perhaps the most prominent theme in existentialist writing is that of choice. Humanitys immemorial dis- tinction, in the view of most existentialists, is the freedom to choose. Existentialists have held that human beings do not have a fixed n ature, or es- sence, as other animals and plants do each human being makes choices that create his or her own na- ture. In the formulation of the 20th-century French philosopher Jean Paul Sartre, existenceprecedes essence. Choice is therefore central to human exis- tence, and it is inescapable even the refusal to choose is a choice. Freedom of choice entails com- mitment and responsibility. Because individuals are free to choose their own path, existentialists have argued, they must accept the risk and respon- sibility of following their commitment wherever it leads. Dread and Anxiety Kierkegaard held that it is spiritually crucial to rec- ognize that one experiences not only a fear of spe- cific objects but also a feeling of general apprehen- sion, which he called dread.He interpreted it as Gods way of trade each individual to make a commitment to a personally valid way of life. The parole anxiety (German Angst) has a similarly cru- cial role in the work of the 20th-century Germa n philosopher Martin Heidegger anxiety leads to the individuals confrontation with nothingness and with the impossibility of finding ultimate justifica- tion for the choices he or she must make. In the philosophy of Sartre, the word nausea is used for the individuals recognition of the pure contin- gency of the universe, and the word anguish is used for the recognition of the total freedom of choice that confronts the individual at every mo- ment.Existentialism Notes 4 biography Existentialism as a distinct philosophical and liter- ary movement belongs to the 19th and 20th centu- ries, but elements of existentialism can be found in the thought (and life) of Socrates, in the Bible, and in the work of many premodern philosophers and writers. daddy The first to anticipate the major concerns of mod- ern existentialism was the 17th-century French phi- losopher Blaise Pascal.Pascal rejected the rigorous freethinking of his contemporary Rene Descartes, asserting, in his Pensees (1670), th at a systematic philosophy that presumes to explain God and hu- manity is a form of pride. equivalent later existentialist writers, he saw human life in terms of paradoxes The human self, which combines ca effectuate and body, is itself a paradox and contradiction. Kierkegaard Kierkegaard, generally regarded as the founder of modern existentialism, reacted against the system- atic absolute idealism of the 19th-century German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who claimed to have worked out a total rational understanding of hu- manity and history.Kierkegaard, on the contrary, stressed the ambiguity and absurdity of the human situation. The individuals response to this situation must be to live a totally committed life, and this commitment can only be understood by the indi- vidual who has made it. The individual therefore must always be prepared to defy the norms of soci- ety for the sake of the higher authority of a person- ally valid way of life. Kierkegaard ultimately advo- cated a lea p of faith into a Christian way of life, which, although incomprehensible and secure of risk, was the only commitment he believed could save the individual from despair.Nietzsche Nietzsche, who was not acquainted with the work of Kierkegaard, influenced subsequent existential- ist thought through his criticism of traditional metaphysical and moral assumptions and through his espousal of tragic pessimism and the life- affirming individual will that opposes itself to the moral conformity of the majority. In contrast to Kierkegaard, whose attack on conventional moral- ity led him to advocate a radically individualistic Christianity, Nietzsche proclaimed the ending of God and went on to reject the entire Judeo- Christian moral tradition in favor of a heroic pagan ideal.Heidegger Heidegger, like Pascal and Kierkegaard, reacted against an attempt to put philosophy on a conclu- sive rationalistic basisin this case the phenome- nology of the 20th-century German philosopher Edmund Husserl. Heidegger argued that humanity finds itself in an incomprehensible, indifferent world. Human beings can never hope to under- stand why they are here instead, each individual must choose a goal and follow it with passionate conviction, aware of the certainty of death and the ultimate meaninglessness of ones life. Heidegger contributed to existentialist thought an original em- phasis on being and ontology as well as on lan-guage. Sartre Sartre first gave the term existentialism general currency by exploitation it for his own philosophy and by becoming the leading figure of a distinct move- ment in France that became internationally influen- tial after World War II. Sartres philosophy is ex- plicitly atheistic and pessimistic he declared that human beings require a rational basis for their lives but are unable to achieve one, and thus human life is a futile passion. Sartre nevertheless insisted that his existentialism is a form of humanism, and he strongly accent human freedom, choi ce, and responsibility. He eventually tried to reconcile these existentialist concepts with a Marxist analy- sis of company and history.Existentialism and Theology Although existentialist thought encompasses the uncompromising atheism of Nietzsche and Sartre and the agnosticism of Heidegger, its origin in the intensely religious philosophies of Pascal and Kierkegaard foreshadowed its profound influence on 20th-century theology. The 20th-century Ger- man philosopher Karl Jaspers, although he rejected explicit religious doctrines, influenced contempo- rary theology through his preoccupation with tran- scendence and the limits of human experience.The German Protestant theologians Paul Tillich and Rudolf Bultmann, the French Roman Catholic theologian Gabriel Marcel, the Russian Orthodox philosopher Nikolay Berdyayev, and the German Jewish philosopher Martin Buber inherited many Existentialism Notes 5 of Kierkegaards concerns, especially that a per- sonal sense of authenticity and commi tment is es- sential to religious faith. Existentialism and Literature A human action of existentialist philosophers used liter- ary forms to convey their thought, and existential- ism has been as vital and as extensive a movement in publications as in philosophy.The 19th-century Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky is probably the greatest existentialist literary figure. In Notes from the Underground (1864), the alienated anti- hero rages against the optimistic assumptions of rationalist humanism. The view of human nature that emerges in this and other novels of Dostoyevsky is that it is unpredictable and per- versely self-destructive only Christian love can save humanity from itself, but much(prenominal) love cannot be understood philosophically.As the character Alyo- sha says in The Brothers Karamazov (1879-80), We must love life more than the meaning of it. In the 20th century, the novels of the Austrian Jew- ish writer Franz Kafka, such as The Trial (1925 trans. 1937) and T he Castle (1926 trans. 1930), present isolated men confronting vast, elusive, menacing bureaucracies Kafkas themes of anxi- ety, guilt, and solitude reflect the influence of Kierkegaard, Dostoyevsky, and Nietzsche.The in- fluence of Nietzsche is also discernible in the nov- els of the French writers Andre Malraux and in the plays of Sartre. The work of the French writer Al- bert Camus is usually associated with existential- ism because of the prominence in it of such themes as the apparent absurdity and futility of life, the indifference of the universe, and the necessity of engagement in a just cause. Existentialist themes are also reflected in the theater of the absurd, nota- bly in the plays of Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco.In the United States, the influence of exis- tentialism on literature has been more indirect and diffuse, but traces of Kierkegaards thought can be found in the novels of footer Percy and John Up- dike, and various existentialist themes are apparent in the work of such diverse writers as Norman Mailer, John Barth, and Arthur Miller. Conclusion Existentialists make endless claims.They never bother to show how they reached their claims or if these are, indeed, true. The existentialists when he pretends to present a representation of reality pro- vides no cognition unverifiable assertions may well express powerful and even necessary emo- tions and passions, but thats best left to the arts and literature. Existentialism is a highly passionate philosophy and, from the outset, seems to aim at a dynamic and fashionable life-style.Also it is broadly unsys- tematic and pays little attention to logic or science. Whatever one makes of its metaphysical claims, one cannot deny that existentialism was able to provide a moving account of the spirit of the con- temporary world and the nausea and frustration of survival. Indeed, it is basically for its richness in psychological insight and its impact on culture that existentialist philosophy will co ntinued to be stud- ied.

How Diversity

How diversity affects natural practice of law force force work? Tract Ann Fuchs August 16, 2013 AS 310 pagan Diversity DRY. Don Kirk Macon The role of the police is to enforce the police force, not to question it. This meaner that the police induct been used to do society racial dirty workto return runaway slaves to their get the hang and to enforce segregation in the South. We have only to think of Southern sheriffs like Bull Connors to actuate us of how the white power structure has fought to maintain its privileges. However, it excessively pays to remember that it is always easier to admit the sins of the preceding(a) than it is to identify those of today.Few people today would defend a sheriff like Connors, but while there Is far-flung agreement today that racism is a serious problem, that consensus dwindles when people be asked to confirm specific founts. multitude lead admit to the problem in general, but balk at attributing racist motives to any example that cut s too close to home. The police today must contend directly with a number of Issues that keep back a racial subtext both in fact and in perception crime, drugs, disorder, obliging unrest, and police brutality.While some(prenominal) preempt look at the same glass and call out it half empty, while there call it half full, there is ample reason to suggest that even the most optimistic observers would agree that the police subject a major challenge In this era of racial anxiety (Transaction & Becquerel, 1991). The purpose of this composing will be to explore the dynamics of the racially charged issues that the police must deal with, It will also explore how and why a nationwide shift to Community Policing is essential if legality enforcement Is to bet the challenge of promoting greater racial harmony as we are In the 21st century.It will also contend that Community Policing helps ensure hat the police are not misused again, as they have been in the past. Given the daily interac tion between law enforcement officers and the several(a) public, diversity training civil wrong law enforcement workers aids a better understanding tot different types of people and their situations. Such breeding leads to better Interaction. Those whose professional ideal Is to protect and serve people equally from all backgrounds must face the challenges and complexities off diverse society.A lack of dialogue effectiveness, coupled with little understanding of individuals surrounds, stern pull up stakes In Inadvertent violation of Individuals rights as well as officer safety and risk issues. Officers, even to a greater extent than others, must ensure that their prejudices remain in check and that they refrain from acting on any changeful thought. Although our nation has been enriched by diversity, many police procedures and Interactions with citizens can be more complex because of diversity. Racial tensions and communication challenges with immigrants. Or example, are bou nd to complicate some police encounters. It would be naive to preach to law enforcement officers, agents, and managers about the value of diversity when day-to-day activities part of all criminal Justice representatives is required as a precursor to improving interpersonal traffic and contact across cultural, heathenish, and racial lines. (Robert M. Shasta, 2103) Law enforcement officers are affected by culture diversity each day as they patrol and interact with citizen inside their Jurisdictions. Communities depend on law enforcement for measures of security, safety and service.Some segments of communities have felt neglected or misunderstood by local law enforcement, leading to a lack of trust and a sense of insecurity. With this being the emotional state of the community, contemporary law enforcement on the local, state, and federal level has changed immensely from the practices used by law enforcement in the past. Today law enforcement officers receive education and training far exceeding any training implemented in history. Training and education focuses on cultural diversity, religion, and effective communication.In addition, a demand for a more educated, professional, and level headed officer is sought-after by a system imposed of rules, regulations, policies, procedures, and laws that if not followed can result in due process of law violations, loss of cases, civil litigations, and much more. These positive characteristics instilled in law enforcement officers alleviate behaviors considered unethical. Law enforcement officers educated in cultural diversity are less likely to maintain bias, prejudice, and discrimination toward people of color, or ones sexual preference, gender, age, and religious and spiritual beliefs (Harley, 2008).Unfortunately, even with professionalism and equality at the transgress of law enforcement acquirement individuals working within the criminal Justice system are permitted discretionary powers that can be used in eithe r a positive or negative manner. Law enforcement officers when encountering a situation can impose discretion based on personal, religious, and family beliefs. This, in return can be detrimental to the impoverished and minority groups as ignorance appears to be a trait beneficial to an officer who engages in prejudice or discriminatory decision making.Unfair treatment, such as racial profiling, continues to be problem indigent and minorities encounter throughout the United States on a regular basis. Racial profiling has led to many civil litigations, and criminal charges filed against individual officers, departments, and states. Not all bad comes from a culturally diverse demesne and criminal Justice system. Contemporary law enforcement is considered an equal opportunity employer and seeks out minority to work as professionals within the system.In addition, more minorities are attending college and receiving associates, bachelors, masters, and even doctoral degrees. Research pr oved by trades union law enforcement officers from different cultural backgrounds community members are given the ability to witness Irishman different ethnic groups can, in fact coexist, and work together for the greater good of society. Moreover, in true situations and under certain circumstances minority officers are better capable of understand and dealing with the actions of an individual from the same ethnic group than that of an officer from a different ethnicity.This in return can alleviate the possibility of communicative and physical confrontation between the citizen and law enforcement officer. Understanding different cultures can further alleviate civil litigation against the individual officer, apartment, and state as departments can create policies and procedures that assist offices when encountering minority. Diversity within a law enforcement department creative ideas. These ideas can produce a more effective and organized police department (Harley, 2008).Communi ty policing is a key feature that was used in the past and still is by law enforcement today. Officers concerned with and focus on obtaining good community policing skills are culturally diverse and realize establishing a rapport with members of society from the same culture and different culture is equally important. Community and law enforcement transaction is crucial in more ways than not. A majority of investigations require the cooperation and assistance of community members for the no-hit detection and apprehension of criminal wrongdoers.Without the cooperation of community members, law enforcement is left without eye witnesses, testimony, and other assistance much needed to save valuable time, money, and resource. The Job of law enforcement requires a certain level of comfort and professionalism in interacting with people from all backgrounds whether one is working with community members to build trust r dealing with suspects, victims, and coworkers. by increased awareness , cultural knowledge, and skills, law enforcement as a profession can increase its cultural competence.Acquiring cultural competence is not an instantaneous process it is multilayered and complex, and includes Exploration of officers belief systems and biases Awareness of an officers perspectives and perceptions, especially as they whitethorn differ from those associated with minority viewpoints Acquisition of cultural information relevant to the concerns of law enforcement, and he capacity to apply that knowledge in ethnic, racial, and other diverse communities Increased communication skills leading to effective rapport building and communication with all community members Development of a set of principles, attitudes, policies, and structures that will enable all individuals in an organization to work effectively and equitably across all cultures and ethnicities. There are, of course, no guarantees that Community Policing can prevent civil disorders. But by reducing opportunities for police brutality and encouraging better relations between people and their police, Community policing an reduce the threat. Obviously, Community Policing cannot solve all the underlying economic and societal problems, that poor neighborhoods face.Community Officers also cannot close the income gap between whites and minorities, nor do they come to their beats bearing lists of high-paying Jobs for unskilled workers. Community Officers also cannot undo the effects of past childhood abuse and neglect. They cannot single-handedly eradicate the liquidate of substance abuse, domestic evidence, illiteracy, and poverty, though they may be able to do far more than their take patrol counterparts. Yet even the most dedicated Community Officers cannot lay both Mother and aim for all the children whose parents simply do not care. The strategies an individual uses to approach and build rapport with his or her proclaim cultural group may result in unexpected difficulties with another gr oup.The acts of approaching, communicating, questioning, assisting, and establishing trust with members of culturally diverse groups require special knowledge and skills that have nothing to do with the fact that the law is the law and must be enforced equally. Acquiring knowledge and skills that lead to sensitivity does not imply preferential members of all groups. (Robert M. Shasta, 2103) The American criminal Justice system was based on the belief of providing equality to all individuals legal and unratified charged with a crime or suspected of committing a crime in the United States. Unfortunately, discrepancy and discrimination continues to occur from the time an individual of a low socioeconomic status or of color comes into contact with law enforcement right through the entire stages of a trial, and into the correctional facility.